{"license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Whirrwork (whirrwork.com/tools/robot-vs-human/)","label":"Whirrwork modelled estimates, not facts","version":"1.0.0","generated_at":"2026-10-26T07:35:54.849Z","model":{"version":"1.0.0","generated_at":"2026-10-26T07:35:55.380Z","sources":{"bls-oews-2025":{"t":"Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2025 (median hourly wage by occupation)","p":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","u":"https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm","d":"2025-05","k":"official"},"bls-oews-state-2025":{"t":"OEWS May 2025 state estimates (median hourly wage by occupation and state)","p":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","u":"https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm","d":"2025-05","k":"official"},"bls-ecec-2026q2":{"t":"Employer Costs for Employee Compensation, June 2026: wages and salaries 70.0% of private-industry compensation (series CMU2020000000000P)","p":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","u":"https://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecec.toc.htm","d":"2026-06","k":"official"},"ilo-ehra":{"t":"Mean nominal hourly earnings of employees by sex and occupation (ISCO-08), DF_EAR_EHRA_SEX_OCU_CUR_NB","p":"ILOSTAT (International Labour Organization), from national labour force and earnings surveys","u":"https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/","d":"2025","k":"official"},"ilo-emta-eco":{"t":"Average monthly earnings of employees by sex and economic activity, DF_EAR_EMTA_SEX_ECO_CUR_NB","p":"ILOSTAT (International Labour Organization)","u":"https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/","d":"2022","k":"official"},"mhlw-wss-2024":{"t":"令和6年賃金構造基本統計調査 (Basic Survey on Wage Structure 2024), table 1 by occupation","p":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (via e-Stat)","u":"https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?stat_infid=000040247854","d":"2024-06","k":"official"},"nbs-wages-2024":{"t":"Average annual wage of employed persons in urban units in 2024 (by position and by region)","p":"National Bureau of Statistics of China","u":"https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202505/t20250520_1959885.html","d":"2025-05-20","k":"official"},"nbs-hours-2025":{"t":"National economy 2025: average weekly working hours of enterprise employees 48.6","p":"National Bureau of Statistics of China","u":"https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202601/t20260119_1962330.html","d":"2026-01-19","k":"official"},"eurostat-lc-lci-lev":{"t":"Labour cost levels by NACE Rev. 2 activity (lc_lci_lev): Germany 2022-2025, total labour cost vs wages and salaries per hour","p":"Eurostat","u":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lc_lci_lev/default/table","d":"2025","k":"official"},"gov-uk-nic-2025":{"t":"Rates and thresholds for employers 2025 to 2026 (employer Class 1 NIC 15% above £5,000)","p":"HM Revenue & Customs","u":"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rates-and-thresholds-for-employers-2025-to-2026","d":"2025-04-06","k":"official"},"gov-uk-pension":{"t":"Workplace pensions: what you, your employer and the government pay (employer minimum 3%)","p":"GOV.UK","u":"https://www.gov.uk/workplace-pensions/what-you-your-employer-and-the-government-pay","d":"2025","k":"official"},"wb-cpi":{"t":"Consumer price index (2010 = 100), FP.CPI.TOTL","p":"World Bank, World Development Indicators","u":"https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL","d":"2026-10-08","k":"official"},"ecb-fx":{"t":"Euro foreign exchange reference rates (cross rates to USD), via Frankfurter","p":"European Central Bank","u":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/euro_reference_exchange_rates/html/index.en.html","d":"2026-10-23","k":"official"},"issa-times":{"t":"ISSA 612 cleaning times: 20-inch walk-behind automatic scrubber about 9,274 sq ft per hour; wet mop about 1,333-1,429","p":"ISSA, as reproduced by Parish Supply","u":"https://www.parish-supply.com/issa-cleaning-times","d":"2026-10","k":"industry"},"avidbots-spec":{"t":"Neo 2 disc cleaning head technical specifications: maximum theoretical productivity 33,583 ft²/h (26-inch)","p":"Avidbots","u":"https://avidbots.com/assets/Knowledge/Neo_2_Disc_Cleaning_Head_Technical_Specifications_Brochure.pdf","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"gausium-robotlab":{"t":"Gausium autonomous scrubbers: purchase $29,600-$95,880; RaaS $829-$2,669/month on a 36-month term","p":"RobotLAB (reseller)","u":"https://www.robotlab.com/manufacturers/gausium/","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"avidbots-mlive":{"t":"Avidbots Neo lease $2,250-$2,900/month, as quoted by an Avidbots representative","p":"MLive","u":"https://www.mlive.com/news/saginaw-bay-city/2024/01/meet-neo-the-midland-malls-newest-employee-its-a-robot.html","d":"2024-01","k":"press"},"locus-civl":{"t":"Locus Robotics offers warehouse robots for $2,000 per month as a service","p":"CIVL","u":"https://civl.com/news/story/locus-robotics-offers-warehouse-robots-for-2-000-per-month-as-a-service-fe208a13","d":"2026-10","k":"press"},"bigjoe-amr":{"t":"Big Joe Pallet Mover AMR brochure: $45,000 each incl. deployment, training, annual visit and 3-year software subscription","p":"Jtec Products (dealer)","u":"http://jtecproducts.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Big_Joe_Brochure_AMR_Final_8.14.24.pdf","d":"2024-08-14","k":"vendor"},"knightscope-maas":{"t":"Knightscope robots: effective $6-$12 per hour on an annual 24/7 Machine-as-a-Service contract","p":"Knightscope","u":"https://knightscope.com/blog/post/secure-our-country","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"luba-price":{"t":"Mammotion LUBA 3 AWD robot mower: $2,399-$3,299 by coverage tier","p":"Mammotion US store","u":"https://us.mammotion.com/products/luba-3-awd-robot-lawn-mower","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"mower-install":{"t":"Robotic mower installation: up to 1 acre $499, over 1 acre $799","p":"Zippy Lawnz (installer)","u":"https://zippylawnz.us/robotic-lawn-mower-installation","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"mower-care":{"t":"Annual robotic mower care plans $149-$249","p":"Smart Lawn NY (installer)","u":"https://smartlawnny.com/services.html","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"homeguide-mowing":{"t":"Lawn mowing cost: $30-$85 per visit for a 1/8 to 1/4 acre yard, about $50 on average","p":"HomeGuide","u":"https://homeguide.com/costs/lawn-mowing-cost","d":"2026","k":"cost-guide"},"scythe-lease":{"t":"Scythe M.52 autonomous commercial mower lease from $1,800/month (Standard, incl. 40 autonomous acres)","p":"Scythe Robotics","u":"https://scytherobotics.com/sales","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"pool-service":{"t":"Weekly professional pool service $100-$150 per month","p":"PoolRobots.com","u":"https://www.poolrobots.com/pool-maintenance-cost/","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"dolphin-price":{"t":"Maytronics Dolphin residential robotic pool cleaners $849-$1,449 (mid-range models)","p":"Maytronics US store","u":"https://www.maytronics.com/en-us/store/","d":"2026-10-25","k":"vendor"},"skypsi-facade":{"t":"Conventional lift/rope exterior cleaning bids $0.50-$3.50 per sq ft (for comparison with drone cleaning)","p":"Sky PSI (drone cleaning company)","u":"https://skypsi.com/commercial-drone-cleaning-cost","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"vista-drone":{"t":"Drone facade/window cleaning, commercial buildings: $0.12-$0.25 per sq ft","p":"Vista Drone Cleaning","u":"https://vistadronecleaning.com/drone-window-cleaning-cost","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"peninsula-drone":{"t":"Drone window/facade cleaning, Southern California: $0.25-$0.50 per sq ft","p":"Peninsula Pressure Pro","u":"https://www.peninsulapressurepro.com/commercial/drone-cleaning","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"lucid-sherpa":{"t":"Lucid Bots Sherpa cleaning drone subscription for operators: $2,950-$4,600 per month","p":"Lucid Bots","u":"https://pricing.lucidbots.com/refresh","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"homeguide-roof":{"t":"Roof inspection cost: traditional physical inspection $75-$200","p":"HomeGuide","u":"https://homeguide.com/costs/roof-inspection-cost","d":"2026","k":"cost-guide"},"homeguide-drone-roof":{"t":"Drone roof inspection cost: standard visual $150-$400; thermal $400-$600","p":"HomeGuide","u":"https://homeguide.com/costs/drone-roof-inspection-cost","d":"2026-01","k":"cost-guide"},"aerodeploy":{"t":"Drone inspection cost vs traditional methods: tower climb $800-$1,500 vs drone $350-$600; roof ladder $300-$800 vs drone $150-$400; solar manual $0.008-$0.012/W vs drone $0.003-$0.006/W","p":"AeroDeploy (drone inspection company)","u":"https://aerodeployuav.com/drone-inspection-cost-vs-traditional/","d":"2026","k":"vendor"},"scanixx-tower":{"t":"Cell tower drone inspection, average US rate $300-$600 per tower","p":"Scanixx","u":"https://scanixx.com/blogs/blog/the-cell-tower-drone-inspection-pricing-playbook-u-s-guide","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"skyvisor-turbine":{"t":"Wind turbine inspection costs: rope access $1,500-$3,000 per turbine vs drone $300-$600","p":"SkyVisor (drone inspection software company)","u":"https://www.skyvisor.ai/wind-turbine-inspection-costs-roi/","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"cdrone-turbine":{"t":"Wind turbine drone inspection in France: €350-€700 per turbine within a farm campaign","p":"C-Drone","u":"https://c-drone.fr/en/guides/wind-turbine-drone-inspection-method-cost/","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"cdrone-solar":{"t":"Drone thermography of a ground-mounted solar farm (France): €150-€400 per MWp","p":"C-Drone","u":"https://c-drone.fr/en/guides/solar-farm-drone-thermography-iec-62446-3-standard-price/","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"iowa-custom-2025":{"t":"2025 Iowa Farm Custom Rate Survey: self-propelled ground broadcast spraying $8.70/acre average; aerial application $11.85/acre average (materials excluded)","p":"Iowa State University Extension and Outreach","u":"https://www.extension.iastate.edu/dubuque/files/documents/Iowa%20Farm%20Custom%20Rate%20Survey%202025_0.pdf","d":"2025","k":"academic"},"asdc-2025":{"t":"2025 ASDC Impact Survey: US average custom drone spray rate $13/acre (down from $21 in 2024)","p":"American Spray Drone Coalition","u":"https://americanspraydronecoalition.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/2025-ASDC-Impact-Survey-Results.pdf","d":"2026-01","k":"industry"},"t50-price":{"t":"DJI Agras T50 from $19,999; spray-ready package $31,500","p":"Southeast Drone Solutions (dealer)","u":"https://www.southeastdronesolutions.com/dji-agras-t50-for-sale","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"mx-drone-spray":{"t":"Drone fumigation in Mexico: MXN 300-800 per hectare, application only","p":"EAVision México","u":"https://eavision.com.mx/blog/cuanto-cuesta-fumigar-hectarea-con-dron-mexico/","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"br-drone-spray":{"t":"Outsourced drone spraying in Brazil: BRL 60-150 per hectare","p":"Planon Ambiental","u":"https://www.planonambiental.com.br/quanto-custa-a-pulverizacao-com-drone.html","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"sph-drone-shows":{"t":"Average drone show cost by region (SPH Engineering market data): North America $52,500 (~218 drones); EU $42,034; UK $90,600; China $114,560; India $91,700; LatAm $25,550","p":"Cyberdrone, citing SPH Engineering","u":"https://www.cyberdrone.com/pricing","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"watertown-fireworks":{"t":"City council agenda: Rails to Trails fireworks display, $9,468 (Flashing Thunder)","p":"City of Watertown, Minnesota","u":"https://www.watertownmn.gov/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Item/5521?fileID=3244","d":"2025-07-08","k":"official"},"berthoud-fireworks":{"t":"Board of Trustees: Zambelli Fireworks contract, $42,500 base for a 22-minute July 3, 2026 show","p":"Town of Berthoud, Colorado","u":"https://www.berthoud.org/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Item/2295?fileID=5444","d":"2026-02-10","k":"official"},"bellabot-robotlab":{"t":"Pudu BellaBot: buy $14,500; RaaS lease $409/month","p":"RobotLAB (reseller)","u":"https://www.robotlab.com/store/bellabot/","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"hutech-uk":{"t":"UK serving robot rental £490-£590/month on a 24-month term incl. maintenance","p":"Hutech Robotics","u":"https://hutechrobotics.co.uk/hospitality/pricing","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"tug-wsj-2014":{"t":"Tug robots leased for $1,500-$2,000 a month; University of Maryland Medical Center per-trip cost $2.40 by robot vs $5.50 by hand (WSJ, Feb 2014, reproduced by Aethon)","p":"The Wall Street Journal via Aethon","u":"https://aethon.com/aethon-featured-wall-st-journal/","d":"2014-02-23","k":"press"},"tug-beckers-2015":{"t":"Hospitals have purchased TUGs for $75,000-$140,000; leases $1,500-$2,000/month (Becker's Hospital Review, reproduced by Aethon)","p":"Becker's Hospital Review via Aethon","u":"https://aethon.com/tug-autonomous-robot-highlighted-beckers-hospital-review/","d":"2015-03-31","k":"press"},"ur5e-price":{"t":"Universal Robots UR5e cobot arm $39,083-$43,544 (US distributor listing)","p":"Automation Distribution","u":"https://automationdistribution.com/universal-robots-ur5e-collaborative-robot","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"formic-raas":{"t":"RaaS machine tending: six-axis robot at about $10 per hour (Formic)","p":"Plastics Machinery & Manufacturing","u":"https://www.plasticsmachinerymanufacturing.com/injection-molding/article/53067225/startups-automation-takes-over-potentially-dangerous-job","d":"2026-10","k":"press"},"hirebotics-price":{"t":"Cobot Welder starting price $105,000 (complete system incl. UR8 Long, power source, torch, cart, software); \"most shops see 2-4x the output\"","p":"Hirebotics","u":"https://www.hirebotics.com/how-it-works/pricing/","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"thg-welding":{"t":"Cobot welding price breakdown: integration/commissioning $15,000-$40,000; base system 50-60% of total investment; maintenance 3-5% per year","p":"THG Automation (integrator)","u":"https://thgautomation.com/blog/cobot-welding-price/","d":"2026","k":"vendor"},"palletizer-crx":{"t":"Turnkey FANUC CRX cobot palletizing cell, from $94,750","p":"RobotPalletizer.com","u":"https://www.robotpalletizer.com/crx.html","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"palletizer-picpac":{"t":"Complete cobot palletizer cell $119,850","p":"PicPac USA","u":"https://www.picpacusa.com/cobotpalletizer","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"gather-langham":{"t":"Langham Logistics pays about $4,000 per month per Gather AI inventory drone","p":"Indianapolis Business Journal via Progressive Logistics","u":"https://www.progressivelogistics.com/warehouse-drones-scan-codes-to-help-track-inventory","d":"2026-10","k":"press"},"actel-corvus":{"t":"Corvus One inventory drone, small distribution centre (<150,000 sq ft): about $2,500-$4,500 per month RaaS","p":"Actel Robotics","u":"https://www.actelrobotics.com/blog/autonomous-inventory-drones-houston-cost/","d":"2026","k":"vendor"},"homeguide-snow":{"t":"Snow removal: driveway $30-$70 per visit (standard driveway up to 90 ft)","p":"HomeGuide","u":"https://homeguide.com/costs/snow-removal-cost","d":"2026","k":"cost-guide"},"yarbo-price":{"t":"Yarbo Y40P Core with Snow Blower Module Gen 2: $7,299","p":"Yarbo US store","u":"https://www.yarbo.com/products/yarbo-y40p-core-with-snow-blower-module","d":"2026-10","k":"vendor"},"ifr-wr2026-industrial":{"t":"World Robotics 2026: 603,307 industrial robots installed in 2025 (+11%); forecast 655,000 in 2026 and 806,000 in 2029","p":"International Federation of Robotics","u":"https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/five-million-robots-now-operate-in-factories-globally","d":"2026-09","k":"industry"},"ifr-wr2026-service":{"t":"Global sales of professional service robots surge 24% (2025): ~250,000 units; transport & logistics 117,500 (+21%); professional cleaning +40%","p":"International Federation of Robotics","u":"https://ifr.org/news/global-sales-of-professional-service-robots-surge-24-percent/","d":"2026-09-30","k":"industry"},"interact-amr":{"t":"Interact Analysis: mobile robot shipments grew 70% in 2021; each time shipments double, prices expected to fall about 10-15%","p":"Robotics 24/7","u":"https://www.robotics247.com/article/interact_analysis_report_find_mobile_robots_shipments_grew_70_in_2021","d":"2022-12","k":"industry"},"wright-1936":{"t":"Wright, T. P. (1936). Factors affecting the cost of airplanes. Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, 3(4), 122-128","p":"Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences","u":"https://doi.org/10.2514/8.155","d":"1936","k":"academic"},"nagy-2013":{"t":"Nagy, B., Farmer, J. D., Bui, Q. M., & Trancik, J. E. (2013). Statistical basis for predicting technological progress. PLoS ONE, 8(2), e52669 (62 technologies; Wright's law among the best hindcasters; errors grow with horizon)","p":"PLoS ONE","u":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052669","d":"2013","k":"academic"},"ziegler-trancik-2021":{"t":"Ziegler, M. S., & Trancik, J. E. (2021). Re-examining rates of lithium-ion battery technology improvement and cost decline. 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Use yours.","lo":15000,"hi":100000},"hours":{"v":8,"a":true,"note":"Hours per day the floor is available for cleaning.","lo":6,"hi":16},"days":{"v":22,"a":true,"note":"Cleaning days per month."},"months":{"v":12,"a":true,"note":"Active months per year."},"human_rate":{"v":9274,"src":"issa-times","note":"ISSA practical rate for a 20-inch walk-behind autoscrubber, sq ft per hour.","lo":6500,"hi":12000},"ratio":{"v":1.6,"a":true,"note":"Robot sq ft per hour relative to a person with a walk-behind scrubber. Vendor theoretical maxima are about 3.6x (Avidbots Neo 2: 33,583 ft²/h); real floors with turns, obstacles and tank changes run far below that.","lo":1,"hi":2.5,"ref":"avidbots-spec"},"purchase":{"v":62740,"derived":true,"src":"gausium-robotlab","note":"Midpoint of RobotLAB's Gausium purchase range ($29,600-$95,880). 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